Human Genome ---Pharmacogenomics

Human Body is compsed of 100 Trillion cells .The number of cells if compaired to number of brics required for a 150 storied tower the number is negligible to 100 Trillion .
 One Trillion means 10000000000000 from this number we get an idea of complexity of body functioning.

   Every cell is having at it's centre nucleus .

If nucleus is alive then cell is alive .Nucleus is like central government .Inside nucleus there are chromosomes these chrosomes are colourless . 

Flaming Scientist stained chromosomes in 1880.

Chromosomes are sites for chain of genes . 

What is DNA ?

  Every body knows because of TV serial like 

  CID .

   True parents could be identified by DNA 

    Study.

    DNA carries heriditary traits .Parents give us set of chromosomes 

   Human chromosome number is even as each parent contributes one set of chromosome

Mother contributes 23 chromosomes 

And father contributes 23 chromosomes so that each human  cell contents 46 chromosomes.

First 22 pair of chrmosomes do not contribute sex 

Last 23rd pair contains sex chromosome

if  XX means female and X Y means male .

DNA carries thread of Gene .DNA structure  is like spiral staircase


      Each stem of step isade up of two letters either A with T or C with G


        What is A it's an adenine T is  Thyamine  A is always associated  with T .


         G means Guanine and  C means Cytosine ,remember G always associated with C

          DNA code language message passes via these four letters ATGC



               How many genes are there in a human body ?
 

 The total number of genes present or located on 46 chromosomes

Genomic project started in 1989 and completed in 2003

The cost of genomic project was huge 6400million dollars spent .1000 scientist worked.

Genomic discovery resulted in finding out toatal 30000 genes in entire human genes.

Total 6400 millions pair bases AT and CG were recorded in entire human genome .

Surprisingly  99.7 %of pair bases we're alike to any person in the world .It means only

0.30% pair bases are different  which is contributing difference of color height and many

Differences among us

What is pharmaco genomics ? The study of genomic response to each drug .Although the drug is same the disease is same indication is same standard dose is used is also correct

Results may vary from good or the drug may not work

Or drug may be toxic .why this happens ? It is because of alter pharmacodynamics due



 To individual genomic contributed by parents

Let us know what is the jorney of the drug in our body

1) entry


  2)The drug travels in our body through a check post imp


    Liver here the drug interacts with  specific enzymes from P450 a cluster of enzymes

    These enzymes changed according to genomic set up

   Some enzymes due to mutational changes in genomic set up either do not work or may produce toxic by products.This alteration occurs due to non performing or harmful effect of Gene


      3) after metabolism as discussed above goes on to next step


     4)Drug waste is excreated



        Pharmacogenomics : Clopidogrel ,this drug   avoids platelets aggregation

 
          . Cyp2c19 is cytochrome enzyme requried for the metabolism of Clopidogrel


           If cyp2c19 cytochrome enzyme is altered due to genomic changes in patient


 The desired effect is not achieved or mild effect or toxic effect  may be achieved due to genetic mutation by genome


     To know that drug will not show desired effect specific genomic test should be carried out   which will cost 1000 us dollars.


Such testing is ideal for anti cancer drugs where the toxicity profile is high and patient need .



Not suffer

           

Heartburn

You have just eaten a big meal and lean back in your favorite chair. Then  it  happens  , your chest starts to hurt so much it feels like it is on fire.

Every day as many as 10% of adults have heartburn which produces a burning sensation of food re-entering your mouth
,(regurgitation) .
It results from gastro esophageal reflux a condition in which stomach acid or bile salts back up into food pipe (oesophagus).

  When there is also evidence of esophageal  irritation or inflammation . You have gastro esophageal  reflux disease (GORD)

        Heartburn is one of the most common

Condition affecting the gastrointestinal system .

7% have daily heartburn
15-50% have monthly heartburn .

Heart burn causes :when you swallow the lower esophageal sphincter a circular band of muscle around the bottom part of your food pipe relaxes to allow food and liquid
To flow down into your stomach .
But when it relaxes at the wrong time stomach acid flows backward up into your food pipe ,even you are in upright position.

Factors responsible

1). Fatty foods
2)chocolate
3) caffeine
4) onions
5) spicy food
6) large meals
7)lying down soon after eating

Symptoms
GERD. Gastro esophageal reflux disorder

1)Heartburn Burning or tightness behind the breast bone

2) Acid regurgitation: Sour or bitter taste
     In the throat or mouth

3) Water Trash : a hot sensation in the stomach followed by large amount of watery liquid in the mouth

4)   chronic cough can be caused by GERD

Non prescription Therapy

1) Avoiding foods that induce reflux fat coffee etc
2) Avoid eating closed to bed tim
 

3) Elimination of smoking

4) Elimination of alcohol
5) weight loss

6) Elevation of the head of the bed

Remember  follow only doctor's advice

Know your cholesterol

   Cholesterol
1) Soft fat like waxy substance

2) Found in blood ;cells and food we eat

3) Needed for cell membranes

4) Helps in making hormones and  Vitamin D

5) Cholesterol is manufactured I'm the liver

6) Cholesterol sources meat poultry fish eggs butter

     Whole milk cheese .No plant sources

                      Good Cholesterol (HDL)

    Tends to carry cholesterol away from arteries and back
 
     and back to liver where it is broken and excreated

                            Bad Cholesterol (LDL)

Too much can clog arteries .
LDL bad cholesterol has tendency to built up on walls of arteries
Bad cholesterol is harmful can cause heart attack
Brain attacks also called as stroke.


                    Saturated  Fats
   
          Fats are fattening

         Eat Fats less than 30 percentage
         Of daily calories


    Saturated Fats 10%
         Unsaturated Fats 20%


Cholesterol Ratio

Total Cholesterol/ HDL cholesterol

Normal  less than 4.5

Eg  if Total Cholesterol 200
And HDL cholesterol 50
The ratio 4

If Total cholesterol 200
And HDL  cholesterol 30
Ratio 6.6
Although Total cholesterol is same since HDL Cholesterol  is different.


   
 Total cholesterol:. Optimally less than 200 mg% .

Borderline high 200-239mg%


High risk 240mg% and above

Bad Cholesterol (LDL) : optimal less than 100mg%
Border line high 130--- 159mg%

High Risk

160mg,%and above

Good cholesterol (HDL)    optimal
Less than 40mg% for males
And less than 50 mg% for females

Ref National. Cholesterol education

Cholesterol 1000mg produced daily in our body
From our daily diet we get 300 mg cholesterol
Cholesterol / 100gm of chicken 78mg
Chicken liver contains 472mg cholesterol per 100gm

Yellow part of egg contains 260mg cholesterol per egg
Prawns per 100gm cholesterol
Quantity is 150mg
White of an egg is cholesterol free.