. Medicinal Plants and Their Anti-Diabetic Properties

Ref

 Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 22;24(10):9085. doi: 10.3390/ijms24109085

The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins

Clement G Yedjou 1,*, Jameka Grigsby 2, Ariane Mbemi 3, Daryllynn Nelson 4, Bryan Mildort 5, Lekan Latinwo 1, Paul B Tchounwou 6,*

Editor: Malgorzata Zakłos-Szyda

3.1. Medicinal Plants and Their Anti-Diabetic Properties

Medicinal plants or plant-based medicine has been used cost-effectively throughout the world to prevent and/or treat diabetes. In fact, many developing countries rely on plant-based medicine to treat people with diabetes and other conditions.

 Several pharmaceuticals commonly used today are structurally derived from natural compounds that are found in traditional medicinal plants.

 For example, the anti-hyperglycemic drug called metformin, currently used to treat diabetes, can be traced back to the traditional use of Galega officinalis to treat diabetes [26,27].

 Most commonly used medicinal plants and vitamins with hypoglycemic activities to improve the immune system and manage blood sugar levels in humans include Allium sativum (garlic), Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon), Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle Plant), Zingiber officinale Rosc (Ginger), and Vitamins C, D, and E (Figure 2, and Table 1).

 Given that many medicinal plants are easily accessible, cheap, and useful for the management of diabetes, many developing countries and a few wealthy countries use medicinal plants to meet their healthcare needs.

3.1.1. Allium sativum and Its Application to Diabetes Mellitus

Allium sativum is the scientific name for garlic, 

which is a plant species in the family of Amaryllidaceae. 

Garlic is known to have various health benefits such as lowering cholesterol, improving blood pressure, 

and boosting the immune system.

 Garlic has also been shown to have potential benefits for individuals with diabetes. Research has suggested that garlic may help lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity, which can be beneficial for diabetes.

The major phytochemicals present in garlic include (1) allicin, which is one of the most 

well-known phytochemicals in garlic and is responsible for its pungent odor; (2)

 sulfur compounds, including diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-cancer properties [28,29]; (3) flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, which are known for their antioxidant properties; (4) saponins, which are natural detergents that have cholesterol-lowering properties; and (5) fructans, which are a type of carbohydrates that can act as prebiotic candidates.

The beneficial health effects of garlic include its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antibiotic, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic, anticancer, and antiviral activities [28,30,31]. 

It has been demonstrated clinically that garlic supplementation with standard anti-diabetic drugs provides diabetic control in type 2 diabetes [32].

 In addition, clinical trials have demonstrated that garlic and garlic derivatives reduce insulin resistance effectively [33,34]. 

Furthermore, garlic component acts as hydrogen sulfur donors that control type 2 diabetes [29]. Another study has demonstrated garlic reduces lipid profile and glucose parameters such as fasting glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in diabetic patients [35].

3.1.2. Momordica charantia and Its Application to Diabetes Mellitus

Momordica charantia, known as bitter melon is used as a complementary or alternative therapy for the treatment of DM in both developing and wealthy countries.

 It contains compounds that are effective in regulating and lowering blood glucose levels in patients with DM. It regulates and lowers blood glucose in diabetes patients by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose production in the liver [36].

The beneficial health effects of bitter melon include its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, 

antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities [37,38,39]. 

The phytochemical analysis of the leaf, fruit, and seed of bitter melon shows the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, minerals, phenols, phytosterols, saponins, tannins, and vitamins which are responsible for anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, and anti-hyperglycemic activities [39,40,41].

Studies showed that hypoglycemic herbs increase insulin secretion,

 enhance glucose intake by adipose or muscle tissues, and inhibit glucose absorption from the intestine and glucose production from the liver [42,43]. 

Several in vivo studies using animals indicated that bitter melon has hypoglycemic effects which stimulate glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells and increase insulin secretion [38,44,45]. 

Similarly, a few clinical reports showed that bitter melon effectively lowers glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes [46,47,48].For example, 

Kim and collaborators performed a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and adverse events were investigated after 12 weeks of treatment.

 Ninety subjects were included in the final analysis for the glucose-lowering efficacy of bitter melon. 

Results showed that there were no differences in age, sex, or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels between the bitter melon extract and placebo groups.

 After treatment with bitter melon extract for 12 weeks, the HbA1c levels of the bitter melon and placebo groups remained unchanged; 

however, the average fasting glucose level of the bitter melon group decreased (p = 0.014).

 No serious adverse events were reported during the treatment period. Results proved that bitter melon has effects of glucose-lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes [48]. Another study showed that bitter melon permanently normalized blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to healthy rats [41]

To be continued 

Consult your doctor  before using the above information 

Diabetes management with Medicinal plants Introduction

 

Reference

Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 22;24(10):9085. doi: 10.3390/ijms24109085

The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins 

Clement G Yedjou 1, Jameka Grigsby 2, Ariane Mbemi 3, Daryllynn Nelson 4, Bryan Mildort 5, Lekan Latinwo 1, Paul B Tchounwou 6

Introduction 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder 

that leads to chronic hyperglycemia, a pathogenesis

 condition that may include defects in insulin secretion and/or action [1,2].

 It is estimated that one in three Americans will develop diabetes sometime in their lifetime [3]. 

The most common form of DM is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 

which accounts for approximately 90% of DM cases. 

T2DM is predominantly due to the failure of the bodily tissues to respond to insulin or synthesize enough insulin [4,5].

 Several scientific studies have indicated that diabetes affects the human quality of life by causing major risk factors for adverse complications such as stroke, amputation, kidney failure, and blindness, leading to significant morbidity and premature mortality [6,7,8].

As seen in Figure 1, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that there were approximately 463 million adults with diabetes in 2019, which have been projected to raise up to 578 million adults by 2030 and 700 million by 2045 [9].Figure 1.

The treatment strategies for DM have improved over the last few decades. 

However, anti-diabetic drugs have serious effects such as hypoglycemic coma and liver and kidney disorders [10]. 

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of medicinal plants in food items for the treatment of DM [11,12].

 At least four billion people living in developing countries use medicinal plants for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as DM [13,14].

 Therefore, medicinal plants, vitamins, and essential elements with anti-hypoglycemic properties remain essential for the management of diabetes. Scientific reports showed that medicinal plants, vitamins, and essential elements have been successfully used to lower the blood sugar level in the shape of pre-clinical and clinical studies [15,16].

 For example, A study showed that zinc intake regulates insulin receptors and extents insulin action [17]. 

A study showed that garlic provides a protective effect against diabetic retinopathy in adult albino rats [18]. 

A number of phytochemicals that have anti-diabetic properties present in medicinal plants have been discovered based on differences in chemical structure and have been classified as major groups [19,20].

 The major groups of phytochemicals are alkaloids, aromatic acids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, organic acid, phenols and phenolics, phytosterols, protease inhibitors, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenes, and terpenoids [21,22,23] . Recent pharmacological studies have revealed the anti-diabetic properties of medicinal plants and vitamins including anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic, hypoglycemic, and insulin mimicking [24,25].

The research objective of this review article is to study DM and explore the available treatments for this disease based on medicinal plants and vitamins.

Management of Diabetes using medicinal plants ,& vitamins

 Reference

Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 22;24(10):9085. doi: 10.3390/ijms24109085

The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins 

Clement G Yedjou 1, Jameka Grigsby 2, Ariane Mbemi 3, Daryllynn Nelson 4, Bryan Mildort 5, Lekan Latinwo 1, Paul B Tchounwou 6

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic metabolic disease that is associated with hyperglycemia and several complications including cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease.

 DM is caused by high levels of blood sugar in the body associated with the disruption of insulin metabolism and homeostasis.

 Over time, DM can induce life-threatening health problems such as blindness, heart disease, kidney damage, and stroke.

 Although the cure of DM has improved over the past decades, its morbidity and mortality rates remain high.

 Hence, new therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome the burden of this disease. 

One such prevention and treatment strategy that is easily accessible to diabetic patients at low

 cost is the use of medicinal plants, vitamins, and essential elements. The research objective of this review article is to study DM and explore its treatment modalities based on medicinal plants and vitamins.

 To achieve our objective, we searched scientific databases of ongoing trials in PubMed Central, Medline databases, and Google Scholar websites.

 We also searched databases on World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to collect relevant papers.

 Results of numerous scientific investigations revealed that phytochemicals present in medicinal plants (Allium sativum, Momordica charantia, Hibiscus sabdariffa L., and Zingiber officinale) possess anti-hypoglycemic activities and show promise for the prevention and/or control of DM.

 Results also revealed that intake of vitamins C, D, E, or their combination improves the health of diabetes patients by reducing blood glucose, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and blood pressure levels.

 However, very limited studies have addressed the health benefits of medicinal plants and vitamins as chemo-therapeutic/preventive agents for the management of DM.

 This review paper aims at addressing this knowledge gap by studying DM and highlighting the biomedical significance of the most potent medicinal plants and vitamins with hypoglycemic properties that show a great potential to prevent and/or treat DM.

Next part Introduction 

पार्किन्सन रोगाच्या रुग्णांमधील चालण्याच्या सुधारणेसाठी संगीत थेरपीच्या संशोधनातील प्रगती

 Ref

इंट जे एन्व्हायर्न रिसर्च पब्लिक हेल्थ. २०२२ ऑगस्ट ४; १९(१५):९५६८. doi: १०.३३९०/ijerph१९१५९५६८

पार्किन्सन रोगाच्या रुग्णांमधील चालण्याच्या सुधारणेसाठी संगीत थेरपीच्या संशोधनातील प्रगती

झुओलिन वू १, लिंग्यू काँग १, किउशिया झांग १,*

संपादक: पॉल बी ट्चौनवू१

पार्किन्सन रोगामुळे होणाऱ्या चालण्यातील दोषांवर उपचार करण्यासाठी संगीत थेरपी हा एक प्रभावी मार्ग आहे.

लयबद्ध संगीताद्वारे उत्तेजन, उपचारात्मक गायन आणि उपचारात्मक वाद्यवादन यांचा वापर अनेकदा वैद्यकीय व्यवहारात केला जातो.

पार्किन्सन रोगाच्या रुग्णांच्या चालण्यावर संगीत थेरपीच्या परिणामांच्या कार्यप्रणालीमध्ये लहान मेंदूच्या (सेरेबेलम) कार्याची भरपाई, लयबद्धता, प्रेरक शिक्षणाला गती देणे, चेतासंस्थेतील सुसंगततेला उत्तेजन देणे आणि कॉर्टिकल क्रियाकलापांमध्ये वाढ यांचा समावेश होतो.

रुग्णांच्या चालण्यावर संगीत थेरपीचा हस्तक्षेप पूर्ण करण्यासाठी आणि त्यांना अधिक चांगल्या प्रकारे बरे होण्यास मदत करण्यासाठी सर्व यंत्रणा एकत्रितपणे कार्य करतात. या शोधनिबंधात, पार्किन्सन्स आजाराच्या रुग्णांमधील चालण्याच्या विकारांवर संगीत थेरपीच्या परिणामाचा आढावा घेण्यात आला आहे आणि काही सूचना मांडण्यात आल्या आहेत.

Music Therapy on Gait Intervention in Parkinson's

 

Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 4;19(15):9568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159568

Research Progress of Music Therapy on Gait Intervention in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Zhuolin Wu 1, Lingyu Kong 1, Qiuxia Zhang 1,*

Editor: Paul B Tchounwou1

Music therapy is an effective way to treat the gait disorders caused by Parkinson’s disease. 

Rhythm music stimulation, therapeutic singing, and therapeutic instrument performance are often used in clinical practice. 

The mechanisms of music therapy on the gait of patients with Parkinson’s disease include the compensation mechanism of cerebellum recruitment, rhythm entrainment, acceleration of motor learning, stimulation of neural coherence, and increase of cortical activity. 

All mechanisms work together to complete the intervention of music therapy on patients’ gait and help patients to recover better. In this paper, the effect of music therapy on gait disorders in Parkinson’s disease patients was reviewed, and some suggestions were put forward.

Music for people with Dementia

 Ref

. 2014 Jan 13;18(6):706–716. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.875124

The importance of music for people with dementia: the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists

Orii McDermot ^a,b,c,*, Martin Orrell ^a,d, Hanne Mette Ridder ^b

^Introduction

^{Music-based interventions including music therapy, community singing groups and music listening are widely accepted as beneficial for the}

 ^{psychological well-being of people with dementia.}

 ^{Music may be valued as an easily accessible and stimulating medium, which can be enjoyed alone or with others even in the context of severe dementia.}

 ^{Care home residents with dementia and families have highlighted music listening, singing and dancing as particularly meaningful amongst all care home activities (Harmer & Orrell, 2008).} 

^{Sixsmith and Gibson (2007) conducted interviews with 26 people with dementia and their carers and found that music was not only enjoyed in its own right, but was also valued as a social activity. The ability to appreciate and engage with music remained intact even as cognitive functions deteriorated. A disadvantage of their study may be that it made a limited attempt to link the study findings with a theoretical framework of dementia care, other than mentioning that the study was ‘guided by the ecological model of well-being’ (Sixsmith & Gibson, 2007, p. 129). A recent narrative synthesis systematic review on music therapy in dementia also identified a limited use of relevant theoretical frameworks (McDermott, Crellin, Ridder, & Orrell, 2013). To understand how and why music interventions may be beneficial for the psychological well-being of people with dementia, it is necessary to go beyond summarising the study findings and contextualise the study outcome with the aim of developing a theoretical model for music in dementia.}

^{The centrality of engaging directly with the experience of people with dementia and trying to understand the viewpoint of the person with dementia became prominent in the 1990s (Brooker, 2007). Kitwood is particularly known for establishing the concept of person-centred care in dementia where the personhood of an individual with dementia forms the basis of care (Brooker, 2007; Kitwood, 1993a, 1997; Kitwood & Bredin, 1992). Kitwood (1997) defined personhood as: ‘a standing or status that is bestowed upon one human being, by others, in the context of relationship and social being. It implies recognition, respect and trust’ (Kitwood, 1997, p. 8). He argued how the personal psychology of the person with dementia is affected by the social psychology of the care culture and debated how the clinical manifestation of a dementia may arise from a complex interaction between personality, biography, physical health, neurological impairment, and social psychology (Kitwood, 1993b). The quality and sensitivity of the interpersonal process between a person with dementia and a carer is one of the key components of person-centred care. This has a particular relevance to music therapy where relationship-building through musical interactions is the core of the therapeutic intervention. Trevarthen and Malloch (2008) argued that music making was a human activity that communicates motives. The theory of communicative musicality (Trevarthen & Malloch, 2008) also resonates with Kitwood's argument on understanding the communicative attempt made by people with dementia.}

^{Spector and Orrell (2010) proposed an updated biopsychosocial model of dementia that ‘disaggregates psychosocial and biological processes, with the aim of understanding the inter-relationship between the two’ (p. 959). The biopsychosocial model also disaggregates tractable factors (‘aspects which may be amenable to change’) and fixed factors (‘aspects which relate to history or risk factors and therefore may not be amenable to change’). Examples of tractable psychosocial factors include mental stimulation, mood, coping strategies, personal psychology and social environment, whereas fixed psychosocial factors are closely linked to the person's personality traits, previous life events and education. The biopsychosocial model urges clinicians and researchers to view dementia as ‘something which is malleable and where change, adaptation and improvement is possible’ (Spector & Orrell, 2010, p. 959). Although the model has not been empirically tested yet, it provides a comprehensive framework where the impact of dementia is presented as a process, rather than just as an end-product, thus allowing an intervention to influence its process.}

^{Some aspects of musical experiences may influence a person's psychosocial tractable factors, or may be linked with the person's psychosocial fixed factors. This paper does not explore the effects of music on the biological aspects of the biopsychosocial model, even though the effects of music therapy on physiological changes in people with dementia have been discussed (McDermott et al., 2013). The investigation of the effects of music on the psychosocial factors may help us understand how and why music impacts on people with dementia and guide the development of a theoretical model.}

**मेटफॉर्मिन आणि टाईप २ मधुमेह डिमेंशियाचा (स्मृतिभ्रंशाचा धोका)

 

Aging Dis. 2019 Feb 1;10(1):37–48. doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.1202

**मेटफॉर्मिन आणि टाईप २ मधुमेह रुग्णांमधील डिमेंशियाचा (स्मृतिभ्रंशाचा) धोका**

Tseng Chin-Hsiao 1,2,3,*

**सारांश**

या पूर्वलक्षी समूहाभ्यासामध्ये (retrospective cohort study), तैवानच्या 'राष्ट्रीय आरोग्य विमा'च्या (National Health Insurance) प्रतिपूर्ती डेटाबेसचा वापर करून, टाईप २ मधुमेह रुग्णांमध्ये मेटफॉर्मिनच्या वापराशी संबंधित डिमेंशियाच्या धोक्याची तपासणी करण्यात आली.

या रुग्णांना १९९९-२००५ या कालावधीत नव्यानेच मधुमेह झाल्याचे निदान झाले होते आणि ३१ डिसेंबर २०११ पर्यंत त्यांच्यावर पाठपुरावा (follow-up) ठेवण्यात आला होता.

मेटफॉर्मिनचा वापर कधीतरी केलेल्या १,४७,७२९ रुग्णांचा आणि कधीही वापर न केलेल्या १५,६७६ रुग्णांचा एक 'अजोडित समूह' (unmatched cohort)

 निश्चित करण्यात आला; त्यानंतर 'प्रोपेंसिटी स्कोर' (PS) पद्धतीचा वापर करून, मेटफॉर्मिनचा वापर केलेल्या १५,६७६ रुग्णांचा आणि वापर न केलेल्या १५,६७६ रुग्णांचा एक 'जोडित समूह' (matched-pair cohort) तयार करण्यात आला.

PS चा वापर करून 'उपचारांच्या संभाव्यतेचे व्यस्त भारांकन' (inverse probability of treatment weighting) समाविष्ट असलेल्या 'कॉक्स रिग्रेशन' (Cox regression) पद्धतीद्वारे 'हॅझार्ड रेशो' (धोक्याचे गुणोत्तर) अंदाजित करण्यात आले. निष्कर्षांवरून असे दिसून आले की, अजोडित समूहामध्ये—

मेटफॉर्मिनचा वापर कधीही न केलेल्या ७१३ रुग्णांना आणि वापर केलेल्या ३,९४३ रुग्णांना डिमेंशिया झाला; याचा घटनादर (incidence rate) अनुक्रमे १,००,००० 'व्यक्ती-वर्ष' (person-years) मागे १०२९.२० आणि ५७०.०३ इतका नोंदवला गेला. एकूण हॅझार्ड रेशो

०.५५० (९५% विश्वास्यता अंतराल: ०.५०८-०.५९६) इतका होता. मेटफॉर्मिन उपचारांच्या एकूण कालावधीच्या पहिल्या (<२७.० महिने), दुसऱ्या (२७.०-५८.१ महिने) आणि तिसऱ्या (>५८.१ महिने) 'तृतीयांश' (tertile) गटांसाठी हॅझार्ड रेशो अनुक्रमे ०.९७५ (०.८९३-१.०६६), ०.५५४ (०.५०६-०.६०७) आणि ०.२८६ (०.२५९-०.३१५) इतका आढळला.  जुळवून घेतलेल्या गटातील (matched cohort) विश्लेषणांनुसार, एकूण 'हॅझार्ड रेशो' (hazard ratio)

 0.707 (0.632-0.791) इतका आढळून आला; तसेच संबंधित 'टर्टाइल'साठी (tertiles) हा रेशो अनुक्रमे 1.279 (1.100-1.488), 0.704 (0.598-0.829) आणि 0.387 (0.320-0.468) इतका होता.

थोडक्यात सांगायचे तर, मेटफॉर्मिनच्या वापराचा संबंध 'डिमेंशिया'चा (स्मृतिभ्रंशाचा) धोका कमी होण्याशी आहे.

कृपया आपल्या डॉक्टरांचा सल्ला घ्या.