आहारातील साखरेचा वापर आणि आरोग्य:

   अलिकडच्या वर्षांत, अनेक अभ्यासांनी मानवी आरोग्यावर साखरयुक्त पेयांच्या होणाऱ्या दुष्परिणामांवर लक्ष केंद्रित केले आहे,

कारण एकूण अतिरिक्त साखर किंवा मुक्त साखरेच्या सेवनामध्ये या पेयांचा मोठा वाटा आहे आणि त्यांच्या सेवनाचा दर वेगाने वाढत आहे.(२४ २५ २६)

सर्वसाधारणपणे, साखरयुक्त पेये हे अतिरिक्त साखरेचे सर्वात मोठे स्रोत आहेत, ज्यामध्ये कार्बोनेटेड आणि नॉन-कार्बोनेटेड शीतपेये, फळांचे रस, आणि स्पोर्ट्स व एनर्जी ड्रिंक्स यांचा समावेश होतो(.२७)

मागील सर्वेक्षणांनी असे दर्शविले आहे की अनेक विकसित देशांमध्ये साखरयुक्त पेयांचे सेवन कमी होत आहे, जरी सेवनाची पातळी उच्च राहिली आहे.२७ २८

तथापि, अनेक विकसनशील देशांमध्ये साखरयुक्त पेयांचे सेवन अजूनही वाढत आहे, ज्याचे श्रेय आर्थिक विकासासोबत वाढलेल्या त्यांच्या उपलब्धतेला दिले जाऊ शकते.२९

कोका-कोला कंपनीच्या २००७ च्या वार्षिक अहवालात असे दिसून आले की भारत आणि चीनमध्ये साखरयुक्त पेयांचे सेवन एका वर्षात अनुक्रमे १४% आणि १८% ने वाढले.(३०)

२०१८ मध्ये चीनी प्राथमिक आणि कनिष्ठ माध्यमिक शाळेतील विद्यार्थ्यांच्या अभ्यासातून असे दिसून आले आहे की, साखरयुक्त पेये शालेय विद्यार्थ्यांच्या एकूण कॅलरी सेवनापैकी १०-१५% पुरवतात.(३१)

नॅशनल हेल्थ अँड न्यूट्रिशन एक्झामिनेशन सर्व्हे (NHANES) च्या आकडेवारीनुसार, २००९-१० मध्ये, अमेरिकेत मुले/किशोरवयीन आणि प्रौढांमध्ये, साखरयुक्त पेयांच्या सेवनाने दैनंदिन ऊर्जा सेवनात अनुक्रमे ८% आणि ६.९% योगदान दिले.३२

याव्यतिरिक्त, २०१० मध्ये केलेल्या एका जागतिक सर्वेक्षणात असे आढळून आले की, जगभरात लठ्ठपणामुळे होणारे एकूण १,८०,००० मृत्यू साखरयुक्त पेयांच्या सेवनामुळे झाले होते.३३ या सर्व निष्कर्षांमुळे जगभरात साखरेचा वापर मर्यादित करण्यासाठी धोरणे विकसित करण्यास प्रोत्साहन मिळते, ज्यात साखरेवरील कर, अन्न लेबलिंग कायदे आणि जाहिरात व विपणनावरील निर्बंध यांचा समावेश आहे.३४ ३५ ३६ ३७ दरम्यान, जागतिक आरोग्य संघटना (WHO), अमेरिकेचे कृषी विभाग आणि अमेरिकेचे आरोग्य आणि मानवी सेवा विभाग यांसारख्या राष्ट्रीय आणि आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थांनी मुक्त साखर किंवा अतिरिक्त साखरेचा वापर कमी करण्याची शिफारस केली आहे. एकूण दैनंदिन ऊर्जा सेवनाच्या १०%.२३ ३८

गेल्या काही दशकांमध्ये साखरेच्या सेवनाचा आणि विविध आरोग्य परिणामांचा संबंध तपासणारे निरीक्षणात्मक अभ्यास आणि यादृच्छिक नियंत्रित चाचण्यांचे अनेक मेटा-विश्लेषण प्रकाशित झाले असले तरी, अभ्यासाच्या रचनेतील उणिवा, आहारातील साखरेच्या सेवनाची वेगवेगळी मोजमापे, विसंगत निष्कर्ष आणि एक्सपोजरच्या (exposure) वेगवेगळ्या व्याख्यांमुळे निश्चित निष्कर्ष काढणे कठीण होते.

म्हणून, साखर प्रतिबंधासाठी तपशीलवार धोरणे विकसित करण्यापूर्वी, 

आहारातील साखरेच्या सेवनाचा सर्व आरोग्य परिणामांशी असलेल्या

 संबंधांबद्दलच्या सध्याच्या पुराव्याच्या गुणवत्तेचे सर्वसमावेशकपणे मूल्यांकन करणे आवश्यक आहे. आहारातील साखरेचे सेवन आणि कोणतेही आरोग्य परिणाम यावर उपलब्ध असलेल्या सर्व अभ्यासांच्या पुराव्याची गुणवत्ता, संभाव्य पूर्वग्रह आणि वैधता यांचे मूल्यांकन करण्यासाठी, आम्ही या विषयावरील मेटा-विश्लेषणांचे एक सर्वसमावेशक पुनरावलोकन केले.

संदर्भ

fBMJ

. २०२३ एप्रिल ५;३८१:e०७१६०९. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609

 आहारातील साखरेचा वापर आणि आरोग्य: छत्री पुनरावलोकन

 यिन हुआंग 1, झेयू चेन 1, बो चेन 1, जिन्झे ली 1, झियांग युआन 2, जिन ली 1, वेन वांग 3, टिंगिंग दाई 4, हॉन्गयिंग चेन 5, यान वांग 5, रुई वांग 1, क्यु आंग 1, पु आंग 1, पू आंग डोंग 1, चेंगफेई लिऊ 

BMJ

. 2023 Apr 5;381:e071609. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609

Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review

Yin Huang 1, Zeyu Chen 1, Bo Chen 1, Jinze Li 1, Xiang Yuan 2, Jin Li 1, Wen Wang 3, Tingting Dai 4, Hongying Chen 5, Yan Wang 5, Ruyi Wang 1, Puze Wang 1, Jianbing Guo 1, Qiang Dong 1, Chengfei Liu 

वृद्ध महिलांमध्ये अतिरिक्त साखरेच्या सेवनाचा रक्तदाबाशी संबंध

 

न्यूट्रिएंट्स

. २०१९ सप्टेंबर ३;११(९):२०६०.

doi: १०.३३९०/nu११०९२०६०.

वृद्ध महिलांमध्ये अतिरिक्त साखरेच्या सेवनाचा रक्तदाबाशी संबंध

सफिया मन्सूरी १ २, निकोल कुशनर १ ३, रिचर्ड आर सुमिन्स्की १, विल्यम बी फरक्वार ४, शीओ सी चाय ५

सारांश

वृद्ध लोकसंख्येमध्ये उच्च रक्तदाब (हायपरटेन्शन) मोठ्या प्रमाणात आढळतो. विशेषतः, आहार आणि जीवनशैलीचा रक्तदाबावर मोठा प्रभाव असतो. आम्ही वृद्ध प्रौढांमध्ये आहारातील घटक आणि रक्तदाब यांच्यातील संबंधाचा अभ्यास केला. या क्रॉस-सेक्शनल अभ्यासात ६५-८० वर्षे वयोगटातील १२८ सहभागींचा समावेश होता. मांस, भाज्या, धान्य, फळे, दुग्धजन्य पदार्थ, चरबी आणि अतिरिक्त साखर यांचा समावेश असलेल्या आहाराचा आणि रक्तदाबाचा संबंध तपासण्यासाठी मल्टिपल लिनियर रिग्रेशन करण्यात आले.  वय, उत्पन्न, बॉडी मास इंडेक्स, शारीरिक हालचालींची पातळी, दैनंदिन कॅलरी सेवन आणि रक्तदाबाच्या औषधांचा वापर या घटकांवर नियंत्रण ठेवल्यानंतर, महिलांमध्ये अतिरिक्त साखरेचे सेवन आणि सिस्टोलिक व डायस्टोलिक रक्तदाब यांच्यात एक महत्त्वपूर्ण संबंध आढळला. मॉडेलनुसार, अतिरिक्त साखरेच्या सेवनात २.३ चमचे (०.५ स्टँडर्ड डेव्हिएशन) घट झाल्यास सिस्टोलिक रक्तदाबात ८.४ mmHg आणि डायस्टोलिक रक्तदाबात ३.७ mmHg घट होईल, असा अंदाज वर्तवण्यात आला. पुरुष आणि महिला दोघांमध्येही संपूर्ण फळांच्या सेवनाचा संबंध डायस्टोलिक रक्तदाब कमी होण्याशी होता, आणि मॉडेलनुसार, संपूर्ण फळांच्या सेवनात प्रत्येक ०.७१ कप वाढीसाठी डायस्टोलिक रक्तदाबात २.८ mmHg ची घट होईल, असा अंदाज वर्तवण्यात आला. आमचे निष्कर्ष वृद्ध प्रौढांमध्ये संपूर्ण हृदय व रक्तवाहिन्यांसंबंधी आरोग्य सुधारण्यासाठी अतिरिक्त साखरेचे दैनंदिन सेवन मर्यादित ठेवण्याच्या आणि फळांचे सेवन वाढवण्याच्या आहारविषयक मार्गदर्शक तत्त्वांना समर्थन देतात.

Added sugar Intake and BP in older females

 Nutrients

. 2019 Sep 3;11(9):2060.

 doi: 10.3390/nu11092060.

Added Sugar Intake is Associated with Blood Pressure in Older Females

Safiyah Mansoori 1 2, Nicole Kushner 1 3, Richard R Suminski 1, William B Farquhar 4, Sheau C Chai 5

Abstract

Hypertension or high blood pressure (BP) is highly prevalent in the aging population. Notably, diet and lifestyle have a strong influence on BP. We investigated the association between dietary factors and BP in older adults. This cross-sectional study included 128 participants, aged 65-80 years. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the associations between diet, including meats, vegetables, grains, fruits, dairy, fats, and added sugar, and BP. There was a significant association between intake of added sugar and systolic BP and diastolic BP in females after controlling for age, income, body mass index, physical activity levels, daily calorie intake, and BP medication use. The model predicted that a decrease of 2.3 teaspoons (0.5 standard deviation) of added sugar would result in a 8.4 mmHg drop in systolic BP and a 3.7 mmHg drop in diastolic BP. Whole fruit was associated with a reduction in diastolic BP in both males and females, and the model predicted that, for every 0.71 cup increase in whole fruit consumption, there would be a decrease in diastolic BP of 2.8 mmHg. Our findings support the dietary guidelines of limiting daily intake of added sugar and increasing fruit consumption to promote overall cardiovascular health in older adults.

Sugar consumption and Health

 In recent years, many studies have focused on the adverse effects of sugar sweetened beverages on human health, 

given the substantial contribution of these drinks to total added sugar or free sugar intake and the rapidly increasing rate of their consumption.^24 25 26

 Generally, sugar sweetened beverages are the largest source of added sugars, including carbonated and non carbonated soft drinks, fruit drinks, and sports and energy drinks.²⁷ 

Previous surveys have shown that consumption of sugar sweetened beverages is declining in many developed countries, although consumption levels remain high.^27 28 

However, the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages is still increasing in many developing countries, which may be attributed to their increased availability accompanied by economic development.²⁹ 

The 2007 annual report of the Coca-Cola company revealed that the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages in India and China increased by 14% and 18%, respectively, in one year.³⁰ 

In 2018 a cross sectional survey conducted among Chinese primary and junior high school students showed that sugar sweetened beverages provide 10-15% of the total calorie consumption of school students.³¹

 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that, in 2009-10, sugar sweetened beverage consumption contributed 8% and 6.9% of daily energy intake among children/adolescents and adults, respectively, in the US.³²

 Additionally, a global survey conducted in 2010 reported that a total of 180 000 adiposity associated deaths could be attributed to the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages around the world.³³ All of these findings promote the development of policies worldwide to limit sugar consumption, including sugars taxes, food labelling laws, and restrictions on advertising and marketing.^{34 35 36 37} Meanwhile, national and international organisations such as WHO, the 

US Department of Agriculture, and the US Department of Health and Human Services have recommended reducing the consumption of free sugars or added sugars to less than 10% of total daily energy intake.^23 38

Although many meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised controlled trials focused on the associations between sugar consumption and a range of health outcomes have been published in recent decades, deficiencies in the study design, varying measurements of dietary sugar consumption, inconsistent findings, and different definitions of exposure make drawing definitive conclusions difficult. 

Therefore, before developing detailed policies for sugar restriction, the quality of existing evidence on the associations of dietary sugar consumption with all health outcomes needs to be comprehensively evaluated. To evaluate the quality of evidence, potential biases, and validity of all studies available on dietary sugar intake and any health outcomes, we did an umbrella review of meta-analyses on this topic.

Ref

fBMJ

. 2023 Apr 5;381:e071609. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609

Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review

Yin Huang ¹, Zeyu Chen ¹, Bo Chen ¹, Jinze Li ¹, Xiang Yuan ², Jin Li ¹, Wen Wang ³, Tingting Dai ⁴, Hongying Chen ⁵, Yan Wang ⁵, Ruyi Wang ¹, Puze Wang ¹, Jianbing Guo ¹, Qiang Dong ¹, Chengfei Liu 

Dietary Sugar consumption and Health

 

. 2023 Apr 5;381:e071609. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609

Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review

Yin Huang ¹, Zeyu Chen ¹, Bo Chen ¹, Jinze Li ¹, Xiang Yuan ², Jin Li ¹, Wen Wang ³, Tingting Dai ⁴, Hongying Chen ⁵, Yan Wang ⁵, Ruyi Wang ¹, Puze Wang ¹, Jianbing Guo ¹, Qiang Dong ¹, Chengfei Liu ^{6,✉    Introduction}    As an important component of the human diet, sugars have been shown to be harmfully associated with a variety of risk factors for decades, mainly including obesity,^1 2 3 diabetes,^4 5 6 cardiovascular disease,^7 8 9 10 hyperuricaemia,¹¹ gout,^11 12 13 ectopic fatty accumulation,^14 15 16 dental caries,¹⁷ and some cancers.^{18 19 20 21} According to the latest report of the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, sugars include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polyols, and free sugars, of which free sugars are identified as all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods by the manufacturer, cook, or consumer and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, and fruit juices.^3 22 In addition, another important group of sugars, added sugars, has been proposed in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and has been defined as all monosaccharides and disaccharides used in processed and prepared foods and drinks and sugars added to foods but not naturally occurring sugars such as in fruits and fruit juices (table 1).²³

Table 1.

, Classification of dietary sugars^3 23

Class	Principal components
Monosaccharides	Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides	Sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose
Polyols	Sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, xylitol, erythritol, isomalt, maltitol
Free sugars	All monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods by the manufacturer, cook, or consumer; sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, and fruit juices
Added sugars	All monosaccharides and disaccharides used in processed and prepared foods and drinks; sugars added to foods but not naturally occurring sugars such as in fruits and fruit juices

Traditional uses of Antidiabetic Plants

Ref

. 2022 Jul 3;27(13):4278. doi: 10.3390/molecules27134278

Pharmacologically Active Phytomolecules Isolated from Traditional Antidiabetic Plants and Their Therapeutic Role for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Prawej Ansari ^1,2,*, Samia Akther ¹, J M A Hannan ¹, Veronique Seidel ³, Nusrat Jahan Nujat ¹, Yasser H A Abdel-Wahab ²

Editors: Rudolf Bauer, Jelena S Katanic Stankovic

PMCID: PMC9268530  PMID: 35807526

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic complication that affects people of all ages. The increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide has led to the development of several synthetic drugs to tackle this health problem. Such drugs, although effective as antihyperglycemic agents, are accompanied by various side effects, costly, and inaccessible to the majority of people living in underdeveloped countries. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally throughout the ages to treat various ailments due to their availability and safe nature. Medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemicals that possess several health benefits. As diabetes continues to become prevalent, health care practitioners are considering plant-based medicines as a potential source of antidiabetic drugs due to their high potency and fewer side effects. To better understand the mechanism of action of medicinal plants, their active phytoconstituents are being isolated and investigated thoroughly. In this review article, we have focused on pharmacologically active phytomolecules isolated from medicinal plants presenting antidiabetic activity and the role they play in the treatment and management of diabetes. These natural compounds may represent as good candidates for a novel therapeutic approach and/or effective and alternative therapies for diabetes.

Table 1.use above reference for details

Traditional uses and pharmacological effects of antidiabetic medicinal plants.

Medicinal Plants	Parts	Traditional Uses	Pharmacological Effects	References
Abrus precatorius	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes, wounds, fever, cough, cold, tetanus	Improves β-cell function, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity	[53,54]
2. Acacia arabica	Bark, roots	Diabetes, astringent, diarrhea, parasitic worms, diuretic, liver tonic	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and glucose tolerance	[24,55]
3. Acacia catechu	Bark	Diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, diarrhea, obesity, dysentery, skin diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion	[56,57,58]
4. Aegle marmelos	Leaves	Diabetes, dysentery, inflammation, ulcer, diarrhea, asthma	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, glucose uptake and metabolism, inhibits aldose reductase and DPP-IV enzyme activity	[56,59,60]
5. Aframomum melegueta	Fruit, leaves	Diabetes, cough, diarrhea, stomach ache, leprosy, hypertension, measles	Lowers plasma glucose levels, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity	[61,62]
6. Ageratum conyzoides	Leaves	Diabetes, fever, rheumatism, cardiovascular diseases, malaria, wounds, spasms	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion	[63,64]
7. Albizia lebbeck	Bark, pods	Diabetes, asthma, diarrhea, infections, dysentery, inflammation	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, enhances glucose uptake	[56,65,66]
8. Albizia adianthifolia	Bark, leaves	Diabetes, eye problems, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, wounds, malaria diarrhea, indigestion	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance	[16,67]
9. Allium cepa	Bulb	Diabetes, bronchitis, hypertension, skin infections, swelling, lower cholesterol level	Increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake	[68,69]
10. Allium sativum	Bulb	Diabetes, fever, hypertension, rheumatism, dysentery, bronchitis, intestinal worms	Increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity to cells	[70,71]
11. Aloe vera	Leaves	Diabetes, constipation, infections, ulcer, dysentery, piles, rheumatoid arthritis	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose tolerance	[72,73]
12. Anacradium occidentale	Leaves, stem bark	Diabetes, fever, hypertension, rheumatism, toothache, piles, dysentery	Lowers blood glucose levels, reduces oxidative stress, decreases total cholesterol and triglyceride levels	[74,75,76]
13. Anemarrhena asphodeloides	Rhizome	Diabetes, fever, cough, inflammation, infections, night sweats, dementia	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake	[77,78]
14. Annona salzmannii	Leaves, bark	Diabetes, inflammation, tumors	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion	[79,80]
15. Annona squamosa	Leaves	Diabetes, wounds, inflammation, hypertension, malaria, insect bites	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance and β-cell function	[10,81]
16. Anogeissus latifolia	Bark	Diabetes, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, dysentery, snake bites, stomach disorders, skin diseases, leprosy	Decreases blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, inhibits DPP-IV enzyme activity	[56,82,83]
17. Arachis hypogaea	Seeds	Diabetes, inflammation, heart diseases, coagulation, rheumatism, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease	Increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, improves glucose tolerance	[84,85,86]
18. Artemisia absinthium	Rhizome	Diabetes, wounds, indigestion, gastritis, anemia, hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases, gall bladder disorders	Increases insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake, enhances GLUT-4 translocation	[87,88,89]
19. Artocarpus heterophyllus	Leaves, rhizome	Diabetes, diarrhea, malaria, wounds, anemia, inflammation	Lowers blood glucose levels, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels	[78,90]
20. Asparagus racemosus	Roots	Diabetes, constipation, ulcers, stomach disorders, cough, inflammation	Increases insulin secretion and action, improves β-cell function, inhibits carbohydrate digestion and absorption	[91,92,93,94]
21. Atractylodes japonica	Rhizome	Diabetes, rheumatism, gastrointestinal diseases, influenza, night blindness, diuretic, stomachic	Lowers blood glucose levels, reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose uptake	[95,96]
22. Azadirachta indica	Leaves	Diabetes, malaria skin diseases, infections, cardiovascular diseases, intestinal worms	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves pancreatic β-cell function, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, enhances glucose uptake	[56,97,98]
23. Balanites aegyptiaca	Fruit	Diabetes, wounds, asthma, malaria, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, fever, infections	Increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake, inhibits α-glucosidase activity	[99,100]
24. Berberis vulgaris	Root, bark	Diabetes, eye infections, piles, wounds, snake bites, hemorrhoids, dysentery	Reduces blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion	[101,102]
25. Bidens pilosa	Root	Diabetes, wounds, hepatitis, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, cold, glandular sclerosis	Increases plasma insulin, improves glucose tolerance, protects or prevents islet degeneration	[103,104]
26. Bougainvillea spectabilis	Flowers, leaves	Diabetes, inflammation, ulcers, sore throat, infections, contraceptive	Regenerates β-cell function, increases plasma insulin levels, reduces intestinal glucosidase activity	[105,106]
27. Brassica juncea	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes, arthritis, rheumatism, back pain, coughs, paralysis	Increases insulin secretion and glucose utilization	[16,107]
28. Bridelia ferruginea	Leaves, stem bark	Diabetes, headache, arthritis, fever, inflammation	Lowers blood glucose levels, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity	[108,109]
29. Bunium persicum	Seeds	Diabetes, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, obesity, asthma	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[56,110,111]
30. Caesalpinia decapetala	Leaves	Diabetes, indigestion, flatulence, stomach aches, constipation, fever	Lowers blood glucose levels, protects pancreatic beta cells, decreases oxidative stress	[112,113]
31. Calendula officinalis	Leaves, bark	Diabetes, fever, infections, wounds, menstrual irregularity, poor eyesight, inflammation, ulcers	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases plasma insulin levels	[114,115]
32. Camellia sinensis	Leaves	Diabetes, heart diseases, diuretic, astringent, stimulant, flatulence	Increases insulin secretion and action, inhibit insulin glycation, DPP-IV enzyme, and α-amylase activity, improves glucose tolerance	[116,117]
33. Capsicum frutescens	Whole plant	Diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, toothache, pain, muscle spasms, fever, infections	Increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake	[118,119]
34. Carica papaya	Fruit, leaves	Diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, dengue, malaria, nerve pains, insomnia, constipation	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon secretion	[120,121]
35. Cassia alata	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes, skin diseases, rheumatism, constipation, ringworm, infections, inflammation	Lowers blood glucose levels, inhibits α-glucosidase activity	[122,123]
36. Cassia fistula	Stalk	Diabetes, wounds, constipation, piles, skin diseases, asthma, liver diseases, rheumatism, leprosy	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[56,124,125,126,127]
37. Catharanthus roseus	Leaves, roots	Diabetes, hypertension, menstrual irregularity, cancer, wounds, muscle pain	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[128,129,130]
38. Cecropia obtusifolia	Root bark	Diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, heart diseases, inflammation, wounds, hypertension	Lowers blood glucose levels, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels	[78,131]
39. Cichorium intybus	Bark, leaves	Diabetes, constipation, wounds, liver diseases	Increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake	[78,132]
40. Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Bark	Diabetes, common cold, flu, gastrointestinal disorders, bacterial infections, headache, stomach pain	Increases plasma insulin levels, increases insulin sensitivity, inhibits α-amylase activity	[133,134]
41. Citrus limon	Fruit	Diabetes, hypertension, infections, scurvy, sore throat, rheumatism	Lowers plasma glucose levels, inhibits α-amylase activity	[135,136]
42. Citrus x aurantium	Fruit	Diabetes, insomnia, indigestion, constipation, heartburn, nausea, cardiovascular diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion	[137,138]
43. Cola nitida	Seeds	Diabetes, dysentery, fatigue, CNS stimulant, morning sickness, migraine, indigestion, wounds	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases serum insulin levels	[139,140]
44. Coptis chinensis	Rhizome	Diabetes, sore throat, whooping cough, dysentery, neurodegenerative diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin sensitivity, improves glucose uptake	[141,142]
45. Cornus officinalis	Fruit, seeds	Diabetes, pain, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, liver, and kidney diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, inhibits α-glucosidase activity, increases GLUT-4 expression	[143,144]
46. Curcuma longa	Rhizome	Diabetes, gastric, inflammation, infections, cough, pain, liver diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, increases insulin secretion, improves peripheral glucose uptake, reduces insulin resistance	[78,145,146]
47. Cudrania cochinchinensis	Bark, roots	Diabetes, hepatitis, scabies, bruises, gonorrhea, jaundice, rheumatism	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization, inhibits DPP-IV enzyme and α-glucosidase activity	[56,147,148]
48. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba	Fruit	Diabetes, night blindness, arthritis, sprains, constipation, asthma, liver diseases, obesity	Increases insulin secretion, protects pancreatic beta cells, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels	[149,150]
49. Dalbergia sissoo	Bark	Diabetes, stomach disorders, dysentery, skin diseases, syphilis, nausea, gonorrhea	Lowers blood glucose levels, reduces serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels	[56,151,152]
50. Eriobotrya japonica	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes, bronchitis, inflammation, cough	Lowers blood glucose levels, reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose tolerance	[153,154]
51. Eucalyptus citriodora	Leaves	Diabetes, fever, pain, sinusitis, bronchitis, asthma, chronic rhinitis,	Increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake, inhibits insulin glycation and DPP-IV enzyme activity, decreases starch digestion	[155,156]
52. Eucalyptus globulus	Leaves	Diabetes, cough, cold, wounds, fungal infections, fever, sore throat, pain	Increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake	[157,158]
53. Euclea undulata	Root, bark	Diabetes, cough, chest pain, diarrhea, headache, toothache	Lowers blood glucose levels, inhibits α-glucosidase activity	[78,159]
54. Eugenia jambolana	Seeds	Diabetes, skin ulcers, gastritis, constipation, sore throat, liver, and kidney diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves pancreatic β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, inhibits sucrase and maltase activity, improves glucose uptake and metabolism	[56,160,161]
55. Euphorbia hirta	Leaves	Diabetes, respiratory diseases, diarrhea, jaundice, tumors, gonorrhea	Increases insulin release from beta cells, inhibits α-glucosidase activity	[162,163]
56. Ficus benghalensis	Bark, leaves	Diabetes, hypertension, dysentery, diarrhea, pain, ulcers, asthma	Decrease carbohydrate digestion and absorption, lowers blood glucose levels	[164,165]
57. Garcinia kola	Seeds	Diabetes, diarrhea, food poisoning, bacterial infections, cough, liver diseases	Inhibits α-amylase activity, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin levels	[166,167]
58. Glycine max	Seeds	Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cancer	Reduces insulin resistance, improves glucose tolerance	[168,169]
59. Glycyrrhiza glabra	Roots	Diabetes, epilepsy, respiratory diseases, paralysis, jaundice, rheumatism	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion	[56,170]
60. Gymnema sylvestre	Leaves	Diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, constipation, jaundice, dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, obesity	Lowers blood glucose levels, regenerates beta cells, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance	[171,172]
61. Harungana madagascariensis	Leaves	Diabetes, cancer, hernia, hypertension, jaundice, malaria, yellow fever	Lowers blood glucose levels, inhibits α-amylase activity	[16,173]
62. Helicteres isora	Roots	Diabetes, diarrhea, snake bites, gastrointestinal disorders, spasms	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose uptake	[174,175]
63. Heritiera fomes	Bark	Diabetes, diarrhea, constipation, dysentery, dermatitis, scabies, goiter	Decreases carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption, lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, inhibits DPP-IV enzyme activity	[26,51,176]
64. Hibiscus esculentus	Roots, seeds	Diabetes, gastric irritations, inflammatory diseases, wounds, and boils	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion	[177,178]
65. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Leaves	Diabetes, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, pain, contraceptive	Reduces glucose absorption, lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and hepatic glucose utilization, improves glucose tolerance, inhibits DPP-IV activity	[179,180]
66. Jatropha curcas	Leaves	Diabetes, fever, bacterial and fungal infections, jaundice, muscle pain	Lowers fasting blood glucose levels, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[181,182]
67. Lantana camara	Leaves	Diabetes, asthma, malaria, chicken pox, hypertension, measles	Lowers elevated blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance	[183,184]
68. Linum usitatissimum	Seeds	Diabetes, diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, asthma, bronchitis, atherosclerosis	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and metabolism	[56,185]
69. Mangifera indica	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes, constipation, piles, dysentery, asthma, anemia, hypertension, hemorrhage,	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake, inhibits α-glucosidase and DPP-IV activity	[56,186,187]
70. Momordica charantia	Leaves, seeds	Diabetes, malaria, hypertension, scabies, liver diseases, obesity, ulcers, measles	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and glucose uptake, improves glucose tolerance, decreases gluconeogenesis, inhibits α-glucosidase activity	[56,134,188]
71. Moringa oleifera	Leaves	Diabetes, asthma, enlarged liver, bacterial infections, eye problems, piles, influenza, diuretic	Reduces glucose absorption, lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose uptake, inhibits α-amylase activity	[189,190]
72. Murraya koenigii	Leaves	Diabetes, piles, dysentery, itching, bruises, inflammation	Lowers blood glucose levels, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity	[78,191]
73. Musa sapientum	Flowers	Diabetes, dysentery, ulcers, hypertension, pain, inflammation, snake bites	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, decreases glucosylated hemoglobin levels	[192,193]
74. Nigella sativa	Seeds	Diabetes, hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, back pain, paralysis, heart diseases, bacterial infections, malaria	Decreases carbohydrate digestion and absorption, lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[194,195]
75. Ocimum basicllicum	Leaves	Diabetes, headaches, constipation, coughs, kidney diseases, warts	Inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits glycogenolysis	[196,197,198]
76. Ocimum sanctum	Leaves	Diabetes, ringworm, skin diseases, dysentery, dyspepsia, bronchitis, asthma	Increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[149,199]
77. Olea europaea	Leaves	Diabetes, constipation, urinary tract infections, asthma, hypertension, intestinal diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases antioxidant activity	[200,201]
78. Panax ginseng	Roots	Diabetes, insomnia, anorexia, confusion, hemorrhage	Improves peripheral insulin action, increases insulin sensitivity, decreases carbohydrate absorption	[202,203]
79. Panda oleosa	Stem bark	Diabetes, HIV/AIDS, wounds, rheumatism, intestinal parasites	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance	[16,204]
80. Phaseolus vulgaris	Seeds	Diabetes, hypertension, obesity, blood cancer	Reduces insulin resistance, inhibits α-amylase and DPP-IV enzyme activity	[149,205]
81. Phyllanthus amarus	Leaves	Diabetes, spleen, liver and kidney diseases, gonorrhea, stomach problems	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves insulin sensitivity	[206,207]
82. Plantago ovata	Husk	Diabetes, constipation, diarrhea, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hemorrhoids	Improves glucose tolerance, decreases carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption	[208,209]
83. Pterocarpus marsupium	Bark	Diabetes, dysentery, cough, diarrhea, skin diseases, wounds, ulcer	Improves pancreatic β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake	[149,210,211]
84. Punica granatum	Flowers	Diabetes, urinary tract infections, arthritis, sore throat, skin diseases, anemia	Improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion	[210,212,213]
85. Rehmannia glutinosa	Roots	Diabetes, anemia, obesity, kidney diseases, osteoporosis	Improves pancreatic β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake, decreases oxidative stress	[214,215]
86. Santalum album	Bark	Diabetes, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, liver tonic, inflammation, hypertension	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[56,216]
87. Selaginella bryopteris	Leaves	Diabetes, fever, epilepsy, constipation, colitis, cancer, urinary tract infections	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[56,217]
88. Sesamum indicum	Seeds	Diabetes, constipation, hypertension, high cholesterol, athlete’s foot	Inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, exerts antioxidant activity	[56,218,219]
89. Solanum nigrum	Leaves	Diabetes, pneumonia, toothache, stomach ache, fever, tumor, tonsilitis	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, decreases gluconeogenesis, increases glycogenesis	[220,221]
90. Spirulina platensis	Whole plant	Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, obesity	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose tolerance, inhibits DPP-IV activity	[222,223]
91. Swertia chirayita	Bark, leaves	Diabetes, malaria, hypertension, epilepsy, liver diseases, weight loss	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and metabolism, inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase	[56,224]
92. Tamarindus indica	Seeds	Diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, constipation, abdominal pain, wounds, malaria	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion	[56,225]
93. Terminalia arjuna	Bark	Diabetes, cardiotonic, anemia, viral infections, venereal diseases, ulcers	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[56,226]
94. Terminalia chebula	Fruit	Diabetes, fever, astringent, constipation, dementia	Improves β-cell function, increases insulin secretion, reduces glycosylated hemoglobin levels	[227,228]
95. Tinospora cordifolia	Leaves, roots, stem	Diabetes, dysentery, diarrhea, snake bites, asthma, fever, jaundice	Increases insulin secretion, inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases insulin sensitivity	[149,229]
96. Trigonella foenum-graecum	Seeds	Diabetes, bronchitis, pneumonia, indigestion, dysentery, high cholesterol	Lowers blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion, improves glucose uptake and utilization	[56,134,230,231]
97. Urtica dioica	Leaves	Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, anemia, rhinitis, arthritis, gout, wounds	Increases insulin sensitivity, improves glucose tolerance	[232,233]
98. Vernonia amygdalina	Leaves	Diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, amoebic dysentery, malaria, helminth infections	Lowers elevated blood glucose levels, inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis	[234,235]
99. Withania coagulans	Fruit	Diabetes, insomnia, impotence, nervous exhaustion, asthma, liver diseases	Lowers blood glucose levels, improves glucose tolerance	[56,236]
100. Zingiber officinale	Rhizome	Diabetes, nausea, high cholesterol, heartburn, indigestion, diarrhea, asthma	Lowers fasting blood glucose levels, increases insulin secretion