Custard Apple (Annona squamosa)

 

. 2025 Oct 2;14(19):3413. doi: 10.3390/foods14193413

A Review of Nutrition, Bioactivities, and Health Benefits of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa): From Phytochemicals to Potential Application

Ningli Qi ^1,2, Xiao Gong ^1,2,*, Yang Luo ³, Chenghan Zhang ⁴, Jingjing Chen ^1,*, Tinghui Chen ²

Editors: Antonio Cilla, Rafael Guillén Bejara

 Introduction

Annona, derived from the Latin phrase ‘annual harvest’, belongs to the family Annonaceae with about 2500 species and more than 130 genera. 

Annona squamosa, considered to have originated in the New World tropics, is the most widely cultivated variety [1]

. The small tropical tree was first bred in Florida in 1908, and now it has been spread worldwide. To date, five main varieties of Annona spp. (A. squamosa, A. atemoya, A. cherimola, A. muricata, and A. reticulata) have been commercially cultivated in the world. Regional names of the fruit include the custard apple (CA), sitaphal (India), anon (Portuguese), anona (Israel/Lebanon), shijia (Chinese mainland), and pineapple sugar apple (Taiwan, China) [2].

 It inherits fine qualities, such as having a small quantity of seeds, easy preservation after harvest, and rare cracking, garnering widespread attention. The major global producing regions are shown in Figure 1, and India is the largest producer of CA in the world. As reported by the NHB (National Horticulture Board, India), approximately 55,000 hectares are under CA cultivation, with production of the fruit reaching 38,726,000 tons in 2023; exports of the fruit were approximately 1200 tons, earning more than 1.06 million dollars.

 Taiwan, China follows with approximately 5500 hectares under CA cultivation and an output value of 603 million dollars. Volza’s Global Export Data shows that 2023 exports grew 45 percent year on year, with India, Vietnam, and Colombia as top exporters. The average international market price is between 4 and 6 dollars per kilogram, peaking at 10 dollars per  due to high transportation costs, making CA a high-value fruit.

CA cusstered  apple

Figure 1

Major global regions producing

Custard applies  

Health benefits of Custard Apple ,Nutrtion Bioactivities

 

. 2025 Oct 2;14(19):3413. doi: 10.3390/foods14193413

A Review of Nutrition, Bioactivities, and Health Benefits of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa): From Phytochemicals to Potential Application

Ningli Qi ^1,2, Xiao Gong ^1,2,*, Yang Luo ³, Chenghan Zhang ⁴, Jingjing Chen ^1,*, Tinghui Chen ²

Editors: Antonio Cilla, Rafael Guillén Bejara

Abstract

The custard apple (CA) is a noble fruit in tropical regions inworldwide. It has attracted a growing interest due to its organoleptic properties and nutritional value.

 With the expansion of international trade, both its cultivation and consumption have grown significantly in recent years. Previous researchers have sporadically investigated its nutritional composition and health benefits; however, existing information on its processing and utilization is highly fragmented and lacks a comprehensive overview of its constituents, biological activities, and potential applications. 

This review is a detailed summary of the nutritional and bioactive properties, safety evaluations, and potential applications of CA. Following PRISMA guidelines, peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were systematically searched in PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria comprised studies reporting on nutritional composition, phytochemicals, bioactivities, health promotion, and applications of CA.

 In addition to primary nutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, 

CA also contains a multitude of bioactive compounds, mainly including phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, acetogenins, and alkaloids, which are attributed to a range of health benefits,

 such as antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, blood sugar regulation, and cognitive function improvement.

 However, more clinical and toxicological profiles remain underexplored, and future research should focus on standardized extraction, safety evaluation, and translational applications. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives in industrial applications are discussed, which are expected to offer comprehensive information for the utilization of CA.

  Thesis References Path 

1 Pub med

2Books

3 cross references 

4 Read the cross references care fully

With minimum time it's skill the title of reference will help you to

judge if it could help you.

5 keep a xcell record of each references how old is journal

When the first article was published.

6 pub med helps you to know eta when your reference was studied

Extensively

 Lastly write comments 

This is second article

How to write for Ph D thesis?

 How to write PhD Thesis?

Mostly student write  after completing research work.

This requires lot of time to finish writing 

The solution is 

Following tips

1 as soon as guide sends tile of thesis topic to University 

Start writing

2 Start writing Reviewof literature

As you know it is continuous process 

Library reading is required

Try to read full length article underline important lines key points.

3 This will save lot of time will help your presentation style

During conference.

4write material andmethods as you progress

5 Results description is on going process. Write

After experiment .

6 Discussion is most difficult chapter

Guide may not accept what you write as it is not result part

But the way your results different from previous what are new

findings.

Crow is the Pilot

   Yes, the crow is a pilot, 

a passenger, a control tower

He does the work of the  control tower

No need for a black box, no petrol, but fuel is needed

Yesterday I. First the crow was eating a piece of bread and then

Pilot 

He planned where to fly

The food he eats is his food for his stomach and

And petrol is fuel.

How accurate is his vision? Flying in a moment

How difficult is life

How much energy does he get by eating?

How small is his brain but he has the strength to 

do the above tasks

Between a crow and a beggar, a crow is very good because he

Calls other friends with the food he gets

कावळा एक पायलट

 हो कावळा एक पायलट आहेत प्रवासी आहे कंट्रोल

 टॉवर चे काम तोच करतो

ब्लॅक बॉक्स ची गरज नाही पेट्रोल नाही पण इंधन लागते

कालच मी. पहिले कावळा कुरमुरे  वेचुन  खात होता आणि नंतर 

 पायलट महाशय

उडाले कुठे जायचे ते  प्लान स्वतः कडे 

खाण्यात त्याच्या आलेले अन्न हेच त्याच्या पोटासाठी पोटपणी आणि 

आणि पेट्रोल समान इंधन.

किती अचूक दृष्टी धोके दिसता क्षणात उडणे 

खरच किती अवघड जीवन

किती खाऊन उडण्याची ऊर्जा येत असेल ?

मेंदू किती छोटा पण वरील कामे करण्यास ताकद असणारा

कावळा आणि भिकारी यात कावळा हा खूप चांगला कारण तो

मिळालेले खाद्य इतर दोस्तांना बोलावून देणारा

इडली मार्केटिंग

 हो इडली मार्केटिंग केली जाते

काही वर्षे झाली अंदाजे  50 वर्षाहून अधिक काळ

मार्केटिंग स्टाईल आगळी वेगळी होती

कोणी इडली घेता का? आरोग्यास चांगली

अशा घोषणा नाहीत

रस्ताने हे विक्रेते फिरत पण तोंडाला आराम देऊन विक्री चांगली होत असे आज ही होते

काही एक रबराचा हॉर्न वाजवून तो ही हाताने तोंडाला आराम  ग्राहक बोलावी ते ठराविक आवाज आल्या. वर नवीन पोजिशन केली आज ही पध्दत आहे.

पाव  वाला पाव पाव आवाज देतो सायकल ने फिरतो

धार वाला धार् वाला म्हणतो

जूने समान वाला समान जून पुराणे घेतो असा आवाज देतो

आवाज ही गरज आहे ती बासरी विकणाऱ्याला  बासरी घेऊन

तीच बासरी ते गण आपण नाही गाऊ शकत