Exposure through dermal contact
While dermal exposure is considered the least important entry route, evidence suggests that NPs can pass through the skin barrier.13 Atmospheric fallout of synthetic
fibres and microbeads in personal care products
are the major sources of dermal exposure to MNPs.40
However, this issue is becoming less of a concern as more and more countries are banning microbeads in
personal care products and detergents.
Once ingested or inhaled, MNP particles of a
bioavailable size could translocate to internal organs, dependent on their physicochemical properties, and cause harmful effects at the cellular level if above an effective internal dose.41
However, there is still a lack of clear understanding regarding the effective internal dose of these particles. Understanding the effective internal dose is crucial for exposure risk assessment, as it indicates a known relationship between measured physical quantities and biological effects.
When determining human exposure to MPs,
it is necessary to have data on the polymer types, masses, sizes, and numbers present in water, food, or air.42
However, studies on human exposure
have not yet provided sufficient data.
On the other hand, little is known about the toxicological endpoints of MPs and their relation to environmentally relevant human exposure doses.43
Additionally, most of the studies have primarily focused on pristine particles,44
which do not reflect the complexity of
secondary MPs, such as those formed from
different shapes, corona formation, additives, and more. This review aims to (i) discuss the potential effects of MNPs on various organ systems in the human body, (ii) identify the gaps in the existing knowledge, and (iii) provide recommendations for future research.
Ref
The potential impacts of micro-and-nano
plastics on various organ systems in humansNurshad Ali a,b,∗, Jenny Katsouli a, Emma L Marczylo c,d, Timothy W Gant c,d, Stephanie Wright c, Jorge Bernardino de la Serna a,∗∗
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