मलेरिया 

मलेरिया हा   1Plasmodium vivax 

                  2 P.ovale

                  3 P.malariae

                   4 P.falciparum

या प्रमुख 4 परोपजीवी (Parasite)

ने मलेरिया होतो

       हे परोपजीवी

प्रोटोझोआ  या गटात येतात plasmodium हे genus  आहे

आणि vivax हे त्या परोपजीवी चे species आहे .

हा परोपजीवी (Parasite ) यास Host याचा अर्थ

यजमान  ची गरज आहे  ते देखील दोन 1 डास

2 मनुष्य  

डास (मादी अनोफिलुस Anophilus)

मलेरिया चा प्रसार करते.जर तीला मलेरिया ची लागण झाली

असेल तर ,लागण होते जर Anopheles मादी ने

मलेरिया च्या रुग्णास चावल्यास  त्यानंतर तो डास कोणाला चावल्यास त्यास मले रिया होतो

    पुढील प्रवास रक्तातून  Plasmodium यकृतात

जातो  येथे त्याची संख्या वाढते आणि रक्तातील

तांबड्या पेशीत प्रवेश करते पुन्हा परोपजीवी ची

वाढ होते ती प्रचंड असते की तांबडी पेशी फुटते या वेळी

ताप वाढतो थंडी वाजते अश्या वेळी मादीडास दुसऱ्या

कोणास चावून 

मलेरियाचा प्रसार करतात.

 

  

 World War One &Malaria 

At least 1.5 million solders were infected 

With case fatality ranging from 0.24--5.0%

As more countries become engaged in the 

War ,the problem grew in size ,

Leading to major epidemics in Mesopotamia

Italy  Macedonia and Palestine. Trans--

Continental passages of parasite  and human

reservoirs of infection created ideal 

Circumstances for passive evolution.

 Clinical treatment primarily dependent 

On quinine although efficacy was poor as

relapsing P.vivax and recrudescent Plasmodium

falciparum infections were not distinguished

and managed appropriately .

       An unexpected adversary in the first 

World war was malaria .It attacked all 

combatant armies ,with adverse consequences

for vast number of troops ,and devasted large

Civilian populations as a result of the environmental civil and demographic efforts

Of troop dispersions and activities .

The world war malaria describes this

Paradigm.

       By 1914  parts of Europe had made considerable progress in malaria control,

Particularly in Italy and Greece which

was

a major achievement considering that around

1900 the anopheline mosquito cycle was only

Just becoming a accepted ,and the important

Vectors as the development cycle in the red

Cell, were only recently recognized  .

      Soldiers tended to burrow

Underground which is conducive to  

Water --logging and favourable to mosquito

Breeding.

            The lack of knowledge of the hepatic

Stage of development of the P.vivax malaria

which was described  in1948, compounded 

the situation and was instrumental in

recurrently ineffective treatment being

Prescribed ,and evacuations of vast number

Sick troops from combat zones.

             

     

 Malaria epidemics during the first

World war:Occurred in the regions 

of Macedonia ,Palestine ,and Egypt 

and  western Europe , Italy and elsewhere.

           An increased  in vectorial capacity

due to high production of  Anopheline

Mosquitoes was probably critical.

This could have resulted from more

Breading places (or deterioration of larval 

Control ),prolong  mosquito survival or

Increased man--vector contact .

In desert fringe regions rain fall and malaria

transmission are often  connected.

               The movement of infected persons,

as troops migrated from India and Sub  --

Saharan , combined with the immigration

Of non immune European soldiers further

Created ideal conditions for the explosive

Epidemics  which occurred .

Malaria control approaches ;

The greatest experience of preventive 

measures was derived from activities

in Macedonia ,and these were applicable

To all theatres of the war and could be classified

as drug  prophylaxis and treatment , mosquito

deterrents , personal protection ,or mosquito

Destruction .

      Personal prophylaxis with quinine 

Was chaotic with weak understanding of

medicines  in management ,problems in

drug delivery due to night operations ,enemy 

bombs and attacks .

           The British questioned the use of 

quinine for prevention and place more 

emphasis on preventing contact with 

mosquitoes.

           Personal anti --mosquito ointments

were messy and head nets and Gloves were

Very restrictive especially in active combat.

         In the UK during 1916 the total

Issue of  quinine exceeds 25tons or

66million 5-gr doses.

         Quinine prophylaxis was  defined 

BY Ross as treatment of persons who have

not yet shown signs of illness but may possibly

Become infected.

Ref Malaria J 2014 :13 :497

Published on line 2014 Dec

16doi :10.1186/1475-2875-13-497

 

            

     

 

            Malaria

Malaria caused by mosquitoes is incorrect .

It is host for parasite.

So mosquito is host for malarial parasite.

Malarial parasite a protozoan Plasmodium

Vivax. P. falciparm. P.ovale

This parasite needs two hosts mosquito

And humans .

Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically

Wide spread human malaria parasite.

Global malaria efforts have been less 

Successful at reducing the burden of P.vivax

Compare to p.falciparum.

          P.vivax is now the dominant malaria

Parasite through out the Asia --Pacific and

America causing up to 14million clinical

Cases every year and is considered a

Major obstacle to malaria elimination.

Key features Circumventing  existing 

Malaria control tools are the transmissibility

Of asymptomatic ,low density circulating

Infections and reservoirs of persistent 

dormant  liver stages (hypnozoites)

That are unreachable but reactive to cause

replacing infections and sustain transmission.

      In tropical regions the risk of early

relapses is high greater than 80 %

With subsequent relapses occurring every

3-4 weeks .In temperate regions and some

Subtropical areas the risk of relapse is lower

With longer incubation or latency periods 

Between the initial illness and relapse,

Lasting 8--12.onths.

Concluding Remarks 

For the past two decades the  focus

Of malaria control and elimination has

been on early diagnosis , treatment,and

Vector control .P.vivax the key challange

In achieving in elimination ,is not only

better diagnosis (Parasite and G6PD)

G6PD and effective radical cure of people

acutely slick with malaria ,but is the 

Effective treatment of all people who are

Chronically infected and  infectious to

. Mosquitoes ,whether acutely asymptomatic

Or not with P.vivax the dominant malaria

In 31 countries and  disproportionate 

burden of P.vivax  being experienced 

by rural populations.

Field deployable tools and community

Based public health strategies that are

Safe , acceptable and feasible to implement

are required to target hidden reservoirs .

  

  Ref Parasitology International

         Vol 87,April 2022 ,   102526

        Fiona Angrisano ,Leanne Robinson 

 

22000 views completed

 22000 views

Completed Today

Thanks Thanks

Viewers From

India 12.8K

USA 4.55K

Ireland 221

Canada 39

UK 32

France 26

सुपर ए जर्स आणि नॉर्मल एजर्स

 सुपर एजर्स आणि

नॉर्मल  एजर्स

नॉर्मली वृद्धत्वात cognitive (विचार करणे,तर्क करणे

गोष्टी लक्ष्यात ठेवणे होते) प्रक्रिया घटते.

तरी ही सुपर एजर्स मध्ये लक्षणिय रीतीने मेमोरीचे काम

चालते.

हे कसे चालते याचा अभ्यास Arjentine चे काही लोकांचा

समावेश होता.  40 लोक या स्टडी साठी निवडले 80 वर्षाहून

मोठी 

20 नॉर्मल एजर्स आणि 20 सुपर एजर्स  निवड

नॉर्थ वेस्टर्न  aging criteria नुसार.

खलील तक्ता पहा यात तीन

प्रमुख घटक किंवा factors आहेत

व्यक्तिगत घटक 

कौटुंबिक घटक

राहणीमान घटक

त्याच्यातील significance value

जर 0.05हुन कमी किंवा 0.05 असेल तर

त्याचा निष्कर्ष काढू शकतो की सुपर एजर्स

चे कारण कळेल

             व्यक्तीगत घटक

             नॉर्मल         सुपर    signifi  

                एजर्स       एजर्स    

1. वय          83.29    82.45     0.65

 सरासरी

2 शिक्षण          16.29    15.85  0.306      सरासरी        

3 एका हुन          81.30      80    0.631

अधिक भाषा

%%

4 cognative      12.63   13.3, 0.501

राखीव

5 Hypertension

 उच्च रक्तदाब%       25         35  ,0.391

6 Dysli

pidemia%          31.30     15 ,0223   0.223

7 धूमपान%.    12.50.      5,  0.415

8 Diabetes%   12.50      5,    0.415

9 Absence.       43.80.     50,  .481

  CV Risk

हृदय रोग आणि

रक्त वाहिन्यास

धोका

    Factors

10  अवघड       54.50  33.30  0.23

     ऑपरेशन्स

            Family Factors

                 कौटूंबिक घटक

                             NA                       SA         sig

 1 आईचे             76.27                  84.45     0.045

                .       

मृत्यू समयी

सरासरी                        

    

2    वडिलांचे               67.14.          73.39.       0.231

मृत्यू समयीं वय   

3    भावाचे                    0.526.         0.389.        0.432

80  वयाहून

  अधिक

                             राहणी मान                                       घटक

                                  NA.              SA.        Sign 

1संध्या                     11.8%.          15%.      0.58

काम करतात

2निवृत्त                      71.6.           70.95      0.875

3 सध्या.                    56.30.%        65%.        0.423

शारीरिक

व्यायाम

4                          58.80. %       47.40.  %    0.363

  

जोडपे राहते

वरील स्टडीआपणास

       कोणते घटक cognitive घट पासून Super agers

ना

रोखतात हे कळेल. एक  variable (चल)

आहे सुपर एजर्स च्या आईचे दीर्घ आयुष्य

ह्याची कारणे

1 यात ज्यांची निवड केली त्याच्या वडिलांना

राहिली दोन महायुध्द काळात

2 cardiovascular diseases ना औषधे नव्हती.

  Ref   Dementia Neuropsychology

           2020 Dec : 14(4) :345-349

     

          Ismael Luis Calamari

          Lucia Crivelli

           Maria Eugenia Martin

           Novelia Egido 

           Nahuel  Magrath Guimet and

            Ricardo Francisco. Allegri

             

                               

   

Superagers & Normal agers Study

Superagers  & Normal

Agers  Study

Normal aging usually brings cognitive

Decline . However , there is a group

Of aged individuals who have an exceptional

  memory performance : the Superagers

Aim of this study to indentify the environmental factors that could influence exceptional 

memory performance in a cohort Argentine

Individuals .

  

Results

 Individual Factors 

No gender or age differences were found

Both groups were equally educated

(NA =16.3+- 3years : SA 15.85 +- 2.6 p=0.6)

High frequency of Bilingualism was found

(NA =81.3 %   , SA =80% p=0.631)

Cognitive reserve inventory  NA 12.63

For SA 13.3  significance 0.501

Hypertension% NA group. 25 and SA group

35

Significance 0.391

Smoker % NA group 12.50

SA group 

Significance 0.415

Diabetes %     NA 12.50

SA 5

Significance 0.415

Dyslipidemia %.   NA group 31.30

SA group 15 

Significance 0.223

 SA group Superagers 

NA group normally ager group

Significant value means p =less than or equal

To .05 

Family and Life style factors

Mother's age of death 

NA group 76.27 years

SA group 84.45 years

 Significance 0.045 This is significant

Father's age of death 

NA group 67.14 years

SA group 73.79years 

Significance 0.231

Siblings over 80 years

(Percent)

NA group  0.526

SA group 0.389

Significance.  0.432

                            Life style factors

Currently working

NA group.  11.8%

SA group. 15%

Signjficance 0.58

Retirement age  NA group.  71.6

SA group.   70.95

Significance 0.875

Social net work size

NA 22 53

SA 24.5

Significance 0.647

Living as a couple

NA group.     58 80%

SA group        47.40%

Significance 0.363

 

     

        Discussion  The aim of this study was to

Assess the potential role of the presence of

Series if well known protective factors

Against cognitive decline and  dementia .

The only variable that was Significantly

Different between the groups was higher

Longevity on mother of SA  (Superagerrs)

 Fact that longevity results apply only to

Maternal affiliation may be explained by

The fact that the parents of these subjects 

Lived during a particularly aggressive

Historical movement with the male population 

(That is two world  wars  and cardio vascular 

Diseases without treatment)

Ref Dementia Neuropsychologjia

       2020 Dec :14(4):345-349

      Ismael Luis Calandri, Lucia Crivelli

      Maria Eugenia Martin , Noelia  Egido

      Nahuel Magrath Guimet and

       Ricardo Francisco Allegri

                     

          

Superagers Memory

Superagers Memory 

Cognitive (Thinking Reasoning 

Remembering) abilities , particularly 

Memory , normally decline with age .

However some individuals ,often designated

As superagers (Age 80+)can reach late life 

With the memory function of individuals 

30 years younger .

 Study included 64 Superagers  mean age81.9

Years. Women 38 and men 26.

And

  55 Typical older adults mean age 82.4

35 women and 20 men.

               Superagers :

          Exhibited higher grey matter volume

(Meaning of Gray matter :essential type

Of tissue in your brain and spinal cord

Functions memory emotions and movement

Grey matter can be affected in stroke

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.)

  Cross

Sectionally in Medial Temporal  lobe.

(Meaning  Medial Temporal Lobe:

Includess  1 Hipocampus 2 Amygdala

3 Para Hypocampal region

Medical Temporal Lobe  crucial

For Episodic and spatial memory)

Cholinergic fore brain and motor

Thalamus

Longitudinally  superagers also showed

Slower total grey matter atrophy 

Particularly within the medial Temporal

Lobe than did typically older adults.

Let us know the meaning of

1 Cholinergic :nerve cells in which 

   Acetylcholine acts as neurotransmitter

2 Fore Brain  : complex cognitive activities

    Composed of Mid Brain and hind brain.

3 Motor Thalamus : movement and 

    Sensory information from  body to your

     Brain.

4 Atrophy : decrease in size or wasting

Away of a body part or tissue.

          

       A machine learning  classification including 

89 demographic lifestyle ,and clinical

Predictors showed that faster movement

Speed and better mental health were 

The most differentiating factors for

Superagers .

              Similar concentrations of  dementia

(Impaired ability to remember think or

Make decision)

Blood biomarkers in superagers and typical

Older adults group suggest that group 

Differences reflect inherent superagers

resistance to typical age related memory

loss.

                    Episodic memory (is the memory 

Of everyday events ),the memory of personal

Life experiences,  is one of cognitive domains

That is most vulnerable to age-related 

Deterioration .Whereas neurodegenerative

Disease such as 

(Alzheimer's Parkinson's most common)

Alzheimer's disease are often accompanied

By a severe decline in episodic memory 

Some reduction in episodic memory 

Performance is also expected as a part of

Normal ageing .

           However some older adults often

termed superagers appear to resist this 

age-associated decline and instead show

an episodic memory that is as good as that

Of healthy adults 20 -30 years younger .

     Neuroimaging studies have shown that 

  Superagers have higher hippocampal

Volumes .

Thicker anterior cingulate cortices and

Slower cortical atrophy than that do typical 

older adults .

     One possible explanation for preserved

Brain structure in the superager  phenotype

Is that these individuals are born with 

Larger brains ,which results in age related 

Atrophy that is less evident than that of

Typical older adults.

However superagers  show a reduced 

Atrophy in the entire brain cortex and

Circumscribed memory related areas

Such as the anterior hippocampus and

The cholinergic basal fore brain.

Superagers show better mental health

Than do the typical older adults.

         Superagers are faster in both 

Gait speed and finger tapping than a control

Group.

Let us know meaning of

1 Neuroimaging MRI study focuses on Brain

    Health

2 Hippocampal volume MRI study

   Hippocampus : Region of the brain

     That is associated  primarily with memory

    Learning and encoding memory 

3  Anterior cingulate cortices  is extensive

   area of

   Limbic system implicated in pain processing

    Limbic system the part of the brain 

   Involved in our behavioural and emotio  nal 

   Responses.

4 Phenotype individuals observable traits

    Genotype a set of genes .

5 Cholinergic Basal acetylcholine originates

   In basal fore brain 

6 Gate speed walking without assistance

  

7 Finger tapping : Quantitative tool

Used to motor to measure motor 

Performance in upper extremities 

     

Ref The Lancet Healthy longevity 

        Vol 4 Issue E 374-E385 August 2023

         Garo - Pascual ,Marta

           Gaser Christian

            Zhang  Linda 

            Tohka.  Jussi

           Strange.   ,Bryan A