Pollination

Ref 1Pollination is defined as the process by which pollen moves from male anthers to female stigmata  either wIthin the same flower

(Self pollination) or between plants ( cross pollination.ref1

Ref2 Flower colour is a primary  signal in plant

Photograph Sun Bird special Thanks to Mr Sunil Nayak

Pollinator interactions . 

The association between red flowers and bird 

Pollination is well known explained by 

the

Bee avoidance and bird attraction 'Hyppthesis

Red flowers differ in shades between pollinationsystems and across continents.

Compared with other floral colours , red 

Flowers are very conspicuous to birds

And much less conspicuous to bees.

Compared with the birds flowers in old

World the new world ones are less conspicuous

To bees and may be more conspicuous to not only violet ---sensitive but also to UV--sensitive 

Birds.

Shades of red flower differ between pollination

 Systems . More over red bird flowers are more

Specialized in new world .

The evolution towards colour specialization is

More likely to result in higher efficiency of bee

Avoidance than bird attraction.

The bee avoidance hypothesis

1 Pollination efficiency is generally lower that ofbird pollinators.

2 Their robbing behaviour may further reduced

Plant fitness.

3 Their ability to process red signals visually 

Is not very good because they do not have red

Photoreceptors in their eyes.

Ref1 Shaden A.M . Khalifa et al 

Insects 2021 12 688

Ref 2 zhechen ,Yang Nou (............)and Hang Sun

Annals of Botany Oxford University press

2020 Oct6 :126(5):837---848