Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a health-threatening factor, consists of various symptoms including insulin resistance, high blood sugar, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and abdominal obesity that raise the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of mortality among the world population. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using phytomedicine and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
The data was gathered by searching various standard electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed) for English articles with no time limitations. All in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies were included. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) is a rich source of phenolic compounds, volatile oils, and fixed oils. Cardamom and its pharmacologically effective substances have shown broad-spectrum activities including antihypertensive, anti-oxidant, lipid-modifying, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. This review aims to highlight the therapeutic effects of cardamom on MetS and its components including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and high blood pressure as well as the underlying mechanisms in the management of MetS. Finally, it can be stated that cardamom has beneficial effects on the treatment of MetS and its complications.
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a metabolic disorder, includes a set of major symptoms such as impaired glucose level, dyslipidemia, central obesity, overweight, insulin resistance, and high blood pressure that lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), short lifespan, and low-quality life. MetS has increased concerns about public health problems throughout the world population (1). It is mentioned as a leading public health problem and the cause of morbidity and mortality via high risks for increasing diabetes mellitus and CVD (2-4). Pathophysiology of MetS -induced complications is possibly due to an imbalance in calorie and energy intake associated with alterations in genetic and lifestyle. In addition, it may be affected by the type of food and gut microorganisms (5). Gut microorganisms are sensitive to the changes in nutrition in the intestine and they can also directly participate in the process of absorption (6).
The prevalence of the MetS is not the same in different countries such as the USA (34%), India (25.6%), Kuwait (24.8%), and Australia (22.1%) (7-10). MetS is a threat to human health that requires vital prevention and treatment; thus, effective strategies must be applied to decrease the burden of this disease (11). Because of the side effects and inefficiency of drugs, herbal medicines have been considered for their potential impact on improving and maintaining human health. Medicinal plants and their active constituents such as grapes, saffron, rosemary, garlic, and rutin have long been used to treat various disorders (3, 12-15). Generally, the purpose of spices using in food is to increase the flavor and to take advantage of their medicinal properties (16). Many of the spices belong to herbal families. Therefore, the demand for these herbs has increased because of their beneficial effects on various disorders. Herbal medicines such as Vitis vinifera (15), Silybum marianum L. (17), Nigella sativa (18, 19), Allium sativum (12), Persea americana (20), Solanum melongena (21), and Berberis vulgaris (22) can ameliorate MetS.
Elettaria cardamomum also known as cardamon, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is native to the Indonesia and Indian subcontinent, Pakistan, Burma, Bangladesh, tropical and subtropical Asia. It is perennial, herbaceous monocots with 4-5 m in height. Cardamom flowers are the whitish lip located at the tip of the corolla tube (23). Phytochemical investigations illustrated that E. cardamomum contains terpinene, stigmasterol, geranyl acetate, geraniol, β-pinene, citronellol, borneol, bisabolene, eugenyl acetate, phytol, β-sitostenone, nerolidol, linalol, α-pinene, menthone, cineol, limonene, subinene, heptane, myrcene, and α-terpineol (24, 25) (Figure 1). The small seeds of cardamom have a triangular pod in cross-section that is covered by a thin papery black shell (26). Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of cardamom on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (27, 28), teeth and gums health (29), lung disorders (30), and gastrointestinal disorders (31, 32). The therapeutic impacts of cardamom are due to its pharmacological effects including anti-oxidant, antimutagenic (33), antibacterial, anti-inflammatory (34), antidiabetic (35), cardioprotective (36), hepatoprotective, and chemoprotective properties (37).
Ref
Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2021 Nov;24(11):1462–1469. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2021.54417.12228
डिसलिपिडेमियावर वेलचीचा (E. cardamomum) प्रभाव
Roghayeh Yahyazadeh 1, Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar 2, Bibi Marjan Razavi 1,3, Gholamreza Karimi 1,2, Hossein Hosseinzadeh 1,2,*
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