(PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter ,tiny air
polutants (2.5 micrometre or smaller)
From sources like dust smoke
and soot small enough to enter lungs and Blood stream ,causinng health risk heart disease lung disease stroke)
Research progress of different components Of
PM2.5 and Ischemic Stroke
PM2.5 is a nonhomogeneous mixture of complex
components produced from multiple sources, and different components of this mixture have different chemical and biological toxicities, which results in the fact that the
toxicity and hazards of PM2.5 may vary even for the same mass of PM2.5. Previous studies on PM2.5 and
ischemic stroke have reached different or even opposing conclusions, and considering the heterogeneity
of PM2.5 has led researchers to focus on the health effects of specific PM2.5 components. However, due to the complexity of PM2.5 constituents, assessing the association between exposure to specific PM2.5 constituents and ischemic stroke presents significant challenges.
Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes studies
related to PM2.5 and its different components and ischemic stroke, aiming to understand the composition of PM2.5 and identify its harmful components, elucidate their relationship with ischemic stroke, and thus provide some insights and considerations for studying the biological mechanisms by which they affect ischemic stroke and for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke associated with different components of PM2.5.
Introduction
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) refers to particulate matter in the atmosphere with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm, which currently ranks 6th in terms of its contribution to the global burden of disease and has become an environmental risk factor that poses a serious threat to public health(1.) Although PM2.5 particles are small in size, PM2.5 is widely considered to be more toxic. On the one hand, PM2.5 is more likely to be deposited in the respiratory tract than other pollutants of the same mass and can even be directly transferred to the brain because PM2.5 particles are smaller and can be suspended in the air for a longer period; on the other hand, PM2.5 can enrich the air with harmful substances and adsorb more toxic chemicals because of its larger surface area/mass ratio(2.) The composition
of PM2.5 is complex, and the physical structure, chemical composition, and source of its components are different, resulting in its pathogenic mechanism is not clear, which determines that it is difficult to best quantify the most harmful aspects of PM2.5 to health from the level of PM2.5, which requires us to conduct health risk assessment at the level of PM2.5 components. As a compound pollutant, PM2.5 contains various toxic components3, including water-soluble inorganic ions, carbon-containing components, inorganic elements and organic matter, etc.4. In addition to the above-mentioned chemical-related components, some studies have also shown that PM2.5 also contains microorganisms(5.)
Stroke is known to be one of the leading causes of death and disability for patients worldwide and is a serious threat to human health as a neurological disease(6.) There are two main subtypes of stroke, namely ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke. IS is caused by the loss of blood supply to a region of the brain due to occlusion of an intracranial artery or embolism of an embolus originating
from a heart or neck vessel caused by progressive atherosclerosis, and is a common type of stroke, accounting for 87% of the total incidence of stroke(7.)
In studies on the global burden of disease, it is estimated that approximately 4.7 million people died from PM2.5 in 2015 (8) and that 30% of stroke risk globally can be attributed to air pollution(9), thus leading to an increasing interest in PM2.5-related IS. Some studies suggest that short-term exposure to PM2.5 may increase morbidity and mortality from IS(10;) others suggest that long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with premature death from IS(11. )
In summary, although epidemiological studies around the world have shown that exposure to PM2.5 leads to a sustained increase in the morbidity and mortality of IS, related studies have also pointed out that the association estimates between PM2.5 and IS show spatial and temporal heterogeneity(12). There is growing evidence that differences in PM2.5 chemical composition contribute to differences in PM2.5 toxicity(13,) as different components of PM2.5 may have different effects on IS, and previous studies have mostly focused on the total mass of PM2.5, so this may have contributed to the heterogeneity of the
findings, however, the evidence is limited and further studies are needed(14.) It has also been explored which chemical components of PM2.5 have a greater impact on IS, but only a limited number of components have been examined and conclusions remain inconsistent(15). Therefore, this paper summarizes and organizes a large amount of literature on PM2.5-related IS-related literature and sorts out the associations between different PM2.5 components and IS, which will help researchers understand the characteristics of toxic particles in PM2.5, identify the most harmful PM2.5 components, and gain insight into the relationship between these components and IS, thus guiding for identifying susceptible individuals and reducing their exposure to PM2.5 exposure, and also provide evidence for the development of air pollution management policies.
To understand the correlation and research progress between PM2.5 and its different components and ischemic stroke disease, we searched for relevant literature in the Pubmed database, with a search period from the database establishment to March 31, 2023. We use keywords for relevant searches, mainly including "ischemic stroke" and "PM2.5"; Secondary keywords include "water-soluble inorganic ions", "carbon-containing fractions", "inorganic elements", "organic matter", and "microorganisms". The retrieved literature was selected and included in our study based on whether PM2.5 and its related components were studied in the ischemic stroke population by reading the title and abstract
Note IS means Ischemic stroke
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