Effect of E. cardamomum on dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia, which is linked to a changed lipoprotein spectrum and modified lipoproteins, is one of the main risk factors in MetS (38). Increased triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and augmented small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are the three major components of dyslipidemia associated with MetS (39). Dyslipidemia plays an important role in developing atherosclerotic CVD associated with MetS. The association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the initiation and development of arterial plaques, for example, is well known, and LDL-lowering therapy has been shown in several clinical trials to substantially reduce the frequency of cardiovascular events. Furthermore, epidemiologic studies have shown that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and coronary artery disease have a clear inverse relationship (40). Some studies have also stated that the C-reactive protein (CRP) level is a marker for dyslipidemia, diabetes, and MetS (41, 42).

Cardamom and its active ingredients have been demonstrated to modify blood total cholesterol (TC), TG, LDL, and HDL in several investigations.

Ref

Iran J Basic Med Sci. Effect of E. cardamomum on hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is one of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Hyperglycemia can induce vascular inflammation (73), microvascular damage (74), and atherosclerosis (75). It also impairs the immune status by stimulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines besides inhibiting the function of leukocytes (76).

Cardamom can ameliorate high blood glucose, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolic disorders. E. cardamomum and its active constituents can control insulin secretion, insulin resistance through increasing the amount of SIRT1, PPAR-γ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and attenuating the function of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) as well as controlling glucose metabolism by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase.

Relevant studies regarding the effect of cardamom on diabetes, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism will be discussed below.

Clinical trials

A clinical trial demonstrated that administration of cardamom (3 g/day, 3 months) to a non-alcoholic fatty liver patient caused an increase in SIRT1 (from 1.2 to 1.3 ng/ml) (66). SIRT1 is responsible to regulate insulin secretion, insulin resistance, lipid/glucose/energy metabolism, inflammatory process, CVD, and kidney diseases (77). Moreover, SIRT1 can upregulate PGC-1α that inhibits NF-κB activation. It also impacts obesity, hepatic glucose production, insulin sensitivity (78), inhibits oxidative stress, and inflammation in pancreatic β-cells (79). On the other hand, NF-κB activation in adipose tissue macrophage of liver and muscle adipose tissue can contribute to the development of insulin resistance in these tissues (80). The administration of cardamom (3 g/day, 10 weeks) declined serum hemoglobin-A1C (HbA1C) (from 8.19 to 7.71 %), homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (from 5.01 to 3.80), insulin (from 12.8 to 10.7 μIU/dl), TG levels (from 158.4 to 125.8 mg/dl), and elevated SIRT1 level (from 8.73 to 11.10 ng/dl) in overweight/obese T2DM patients (44). It was also observed that cardamom (3 g, 2 months) could increase insulin sensitivity (from 0.30 to 0.31 QUICKI) in pre-diabetic subjects (43). Nov;24(11):1462–1469. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2021.54417.12228

डिसलिपिडेमियावर वेलचीचा (E. cardamomum) प्रभाव

Roghayeh Yahyazadeh 1, Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar 2, Bibi Marjan Razavi 1,3, Gholamreza Karimi 1,2, Hossein Hosseinzadeh 1,2